Patients with COVID-19 are frequently experiencing cardiac complications, including myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, and thromboembolic events, according to a new study of several cases that was published February 24 in Insights into Imaging.
Cardiac involvement is common in COVID-19 patients, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality, noted Dr. Federica Catapano and colleagues from the department of radiology at Sapienza University of Rome. Radiologists should be aware of the wide and heterogeneous spectrum of cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 and optimum use of advanced imaging tools that may be used to drive therapeutic approach and stratify patients' prognosis, they noted in the article.
"Rational utilization of advanced cardiac imaging services in COVID-19 should serve to avoid or at least minimize the unnecessary use of invasive, potentially contagious and time-consuming procedures like cardiac catheterization or transesophageal echocardiography and to speed-up diagnostic pathways," they said.
While bedside echocardiography remains a first-line and ease-of-use diagnostic tool, appropriate use of second-line techniques, such as cardiac CT and cardiovascular MRI, allows the reliable exclusion of coronary artery disease together with the characterization of underlying pathological substrate.
"A progressive shift from acute to chronic cardiovascular damage is not uncommon, even in apparently healed patients, and includes conditions like chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, recurrent arrhythmias, and progression to dilated cardiomyopathy. Accordingly, careful follow-up of these patients should be ordered in the convalescent stage," the authors recommended.
What to know about pericarditis
Pericarditis is not a common complication in COVID-19, but it should be promptly considered in patients with chest pain, ST elevation on electrocardiogram, and a normal coronary angiogram. A misdiagnosis can produce life-threatening consequences, such as cardiac tamponade.
Despite the fact that CT and cardiac MRI are not included in the diagnostic criteria for pericarditis, these imaging modalities can provide supportive findings and are strongly recommended as second-level testing for diagnostic workup of the pathology, according to the authors. The hallmark of cardiac MRI in acute pericarditis includes the combination of diffusely edematous and enhancing pericardial layers with a variable amount of effusion, as shown in the figure below. MRI may serve not only to confirm the diagnosis but also to rule out alternative overlapped diagnoses such as myocarditis or pulmonary embolism.
Additionally, in the COVID-19 era, conventional echocardiography (i.e., not bedside) is potentially underused due to an increased infection risk for healthcare providers during the examination, they added.
Looking to the future
The Sapienza group started cardiovascular imaging studies in COVID-19 patients immediately after the first outbreak in Italy in early March 2020, having realized that the viral infection had a peculiar tropism for the cardiovascular system.
The researchers are keen to understand the role of imaging in the post-COVID-19 setting because they have seen that some apparently healed patients are potentially exposed to the sequelae of SARS-CoV2 disease, including dilated cardiomyopathy (particularly postmyocarditis), chronic heart failure, and postembolic pulmonary hypertension.
"We're also proceeding with our longitudinal studies in patients with active disease," corresponding author Marco Francone, PhD, told AuntMinnie.com.
"What is particularly interesting in this setting is the role of cardiac MR with mapping techniques, which is showing ability to unveil clinically silent myocardial damage consisting of tissue edema, necrosis, and fibrosis, through the measurement of T1 and T2 mapping relaxation times," stated Francone, who is past president of the Italian College of Cardiac Radiology and scientific chair of the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology.
Another important aspect is the prognostic implications of the researchers' collected data, but this is an ongoing project with potential implications for patient management and decision-making (e.g., increased T2 mapping means acute myocardial damage and this potentially yields adverse prognosis).
Overall, this type of research is particularly challenging as it requires meticulous sanitization and safety procedures, to protect patients and exposed personnel, Francone pointed out.